半渗膜（Semipermeable membrane），又称选透膜（Selectively permeable membrane），是一种对不同物质、粒子或分子（molecule）的通过具有选择性的薄膜。例如细胞膜、膀胱膜、羊皮纸以及人工制的胶棉薄膜等。现代半透膜还用多孔性壁（如无釉陶瓷）并使适当的化合物（如铁氰化铜）沉淀于其孔隙中制成。半透膜用于渗透溶胶和测定渗透压强等。生物吸取养分也是通过半透膜进行的。

A semipermeable membrane, also termed a selectively permeable membrane (or a differentially or partially permeable membrane), is a type of biological or synthetic, polymeric membrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion—or occasionally by more specialized processes of facilitated diffusion, or passive or active transport. The rate of passage depends on the pressure, concentration, and temperature of the molecules or solutes on either side, as well as the permeability of the membrane to each solute. Depending on the membrane and the solute, permeability may depend on solute size, solubility, properties, or chemistry. How the membrane is constructed to be selective in its permeability will determine the rate and the permeability. Many natural and synthetic materials thicker than a membrane are also semipermeable. One example of this is the thin film on the inside of the egg.