悖论，亦称为吊诡或诡局，是指一种导致矛盾的命题。通常从逻辑上无法判断正确或错误称为悖论，似非而是称为佯谬；有时候违背直觉的正确论断也称为悖论。悖论的英文paradox一词，来自希腊语παράδοξος ，paradoxos，意思是“未预料到的”，“奇怪的”。 如果承认它是真的，经过一系列正确的推理，却又得出它是假的；如果承认它是假的，经过一系列正确的推理，却又得出它是真的。古今中外有不少著名的悖论，它们震撼了逻辑和数学的基础，激发了人们求知和精密的思考，吸引了古往今来许多思想家和爱好者的注意力。解决悖论难题需要创造性的思考，悖论的解决又往往可以给人带来全新的观念。

A paradox is a statement that contradicts itself and yet might be true (or wrong at the same time). Some logical paradoxes are known to be invalid arguments but are still valuable in promoting critical thinking.

Some paradoxes have revealed errors in definitions assumed to be rigorous, and have caused axioms of mathematics and logic to be re-examined. One example is Russell's paradox, which questions whether a "list of all lists that do not contain themselves" would include itself, and showed that attempts to found set theory on the identification of sets with properties or predicates were flawed. Others, such as Curry's paradox, are not yet resolved.