亚瑟·叔本华（德语：Arthur Schopenhauer，1788年2月22日－1860年9月21日），著名德国哲学家，唯意志主义的开创者，其思想对近代的学术界、文化界影响极为深远。不同于他同时代的费希特、谢林、黑格尔等取消物自体的做法，他继承了康德对于现象和物自体之间的区分，并认为它是可以透过直观而被认识的，并且将其确定为意志。叔本华认为，意志是独立于时间和空间的，它同时亦包括所有的理性与知识，我们只能透过沉思来摆脱它。叔本华把他著名的悲观主义哲学与此学说联系在一起，认为被意志所支配最终只会带来虚无和痛苦。他对心灵屈从于器官、欲望和冲动的压抑、扭曲的理解启发了日后的精神分析学和心理学。

Arthur Schopenhauer (German:[ˈaʁtʊʁ ˈʃoːpənˌhaʊ̯ɐ]; 22 February 1788 – 21 September 1860) was a German philosopher. He is best known for his 1818 work The World as Will and Representation, in which he characterizes the phenomenal world as the product of a blind, insatiable, and malignant metaphysical will. Proceeding from the transcendental idealism of Immanuel Kant, Schopenhauer developed an atheistic metaphysical and ethical system that has been described as an exemplary manifestation of philosophical pessimism, rejecting the contemporaneous post-Kantian philosophies of German idealism. Schopenhauer was among the first thinkers in Western philosophy to share and affirm significant tenets of Eastern philosophy (e.g., asceticism, the world-as-appearance), having initially arrived at similar conclusions as the result of his own philosophical work. His writing on aesthetics, morality, and psychology would exert important influence on thinkers and artists throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.