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单词 Scalar potential
释义

Scalar potential

中文百科

纯量势

纯量势或称纯量位,在矢量分析与物理学中是一个基本概念(形容词「纯量」常被省略,只要不会与矢量势发生混淆)。给定一矢量场F,其纯量势V为一纯量场;对此纯量场取负值梯度则得到F

相反过来,给定一函数V,这个式子定义了一个矢量场F,其纯量势为V。纯量势也常常标记为希腊字母Φ,比如在电动力学的场合。

纯量势的物理意义和场的类型有关。对一流体或气体流的矢量场,定义纯量势暗示了任一点的流向与该点纯量势的最陡降方向相同,而对于力场,在一点的加速度也是一样的情况。力场的纯量势跟力场的势能(或称位能)密切相关。

不是每个矢量场都有一纯量势;有纯量势的矢量场称作是保守矢量场,相应于物理学中保守力的称呼。在各种速度场中,任何的层状场(lamellar field)皆有一纯量势,而一螺线矢量场可有纯量势的情况只发生在拉普拉斯场(Laplacian field)。

英语百科

Scalar potential 纯量势

uniform gravitational field near the Earth's surface
Plot of a two-dimensional slice of the gravitational potential in and around a uniform spherical body. The inflection points of the cross-section are at the surface of the body.

Scalar potential, simply stated, describes the situation where the difference in the potential energies of an object in two different positions depends only on the positions, not upon the path taken by the object in traveling from one position to the other. It is a scalar field in three-space: a directionless value (scalar) that depends only on its location. A familiar example is potential energy due to gravity.

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更新时间:2025/6/16 23:52:52