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单词 satem
释义

satem /'sɑ:təm//ˈsɑtəm/

英汉-汉英词典
adj. S类语言的,咝音语言的
词组 | 习惯用语
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  • steam vt. 蒸,散发;用蒸汽处理 n. 蒸汽;精力
  • sate v. 使心满意足,使饱享(sit 的过去式和过去分词)
  • stem n. 茎;干;船首;血统 vt. 除去…的茎;给…装柄;阻止
  • sated adj. 充分满足了的;过饱的 v. 充分满足;使饱享(sate的过去式)
中文百科

颚-咝音同言线 Centum and satem languages

(重定向自Satem)
Centum (蓝色)和 Satem (红色)的粗略区域。最初咝音化的区域为深红色。

颚-咝音同言线(Centum-Satem isogloss)是对印欧语系下语言进行划分的主要标准之一,它将印欧语划分为颚音类语言(Centum)和咝音类语言(Satem),划分依据是原始印欧语中三组软颚音——

在后继语言中的表现形式。咝音类语言中,唇软颚音和纯软颚音之间的区别消失,同时将颚化软颚音咝音化。颚音类语言相反,硬颚化软颚音和纯软颚音之间的区别消失。这个过程在语言学又称作咝音化(Satemization)过程。

大致来讲,“东部”语言是咝音类,包括印度-伊朗语族、波罗的语族、斯拉夫语族等,颚音都退化成为/s/、/ś/或/h/音;“西部”语言是颚音类,包括日耳曼语族、意大利语族、凯尔特语族等。颚音类-咝音类的等语线处在希腊语和亚美尼亚语之间,同时希腊语也有一些咝音类的特征。有一些语言可能两类都不属于,比如安那托利亚语族、吐火罗语族,可能还有阿尔巴尼亚语。总之,这种两分法是属于“并系”(或近源,paraphyletic)的,也就是说并没有存在过“原始咝音语”或“原始颚音语”,但是发音变化是在很久之前(大约在公元前第三个千年内)现在已经绝迹的后原始印欧语言中随地域逐渐传播的。

英语百科

Centum and satem languages 颚-咝音同言线

(重定向自Satem)
Diachronic map showing the approximate extent of the centum (blue) and satem (red) areals. The origin of satemization according to von Bradke's hypothesis is shown in darker red (marked as the range of the Sintashta/Abashevo/Srubna archaeological cultures), although this hypothesis is not accepted by the majority of linguists.
The centum–satem division compared with other major isoglosses in Indo-European daughter languages (at around 500 BC).
  Blue: centum languages
  Red: satem languages
  Orange: languages with augment
  Green: languages with PIE *-tt- > -ss-
  Tan: languages with PIE *-tt- > -st-
  Pink: languages in which the instrumental, dative and ablative plurals, as well as certain singulars and duals, have endings beginning in *-m- rather than the usual *-bh-

Languages of the Indo-European family are classified as either centum languages or satem languages, according to how the dorsal consonants (sounds of "K" and "G" type) of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) developed. An example of the different developments is provided by the words for "hundred" found in the early attested IE languages: in centum languages these typically began with a /k/ sound (Latin centum was pronounced with initial /k/), while in satem languages they often began with /s/ (the example satem comes from the Avestan language of Zoroastrian scripture).

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更新时间:2025/6/17 3:11:05