数论（天城体：सांख्य，英文转写为Samkhya，字面意思是“计数”，音译为僧佉）印度哲学的一个派别，被认为是最古老和最重要的流派之一。佛教称其为“迦毗罗论”或“雨众外道”、“雨际外道”。但数论并不属于早期佛典常提及的六师外道。六师外道为沙门思潮兴起的产物，其共同特点是反对吠陀及其垄断者婆罗门。而数论恰恰相反，它承认吠陀的权威，被视为正统的六派哲学之一（六派哲学分别是最占主流地位的吠檀多和数论、胜论、正理论、弥曼差、瑜伽）。数论的正统性可以从这一点看出来，即早期数论的思想被薄伽梵歌大量引用，而薄伽梵歌是迄今最具影响力的印度哲学著作之一。

Samkhya or Sankhya (Sanskrit:सांख्य, IAST: sāṃkhya) is one of the six āstika (orthodox) schools of Hindu philosophy. It is most related to the Yoga school of Hinduism, and it was influential on other schools of Indian philosophy. Sāmkhya is an enumerationist philosophy whose epistemology accepts three of six pramanas (proofs) as the only reliable means of gaining knowledge. These include pratyakṣa (pe****tion), anumāṇa (inference) and śabda (āptavacana, word/testimony of reliable sources). Sometimes described as one of the rationalist school of Indian philosophy, this ancient school's reliance on reason was neither exclusive nor strong.