伦琴卫星（Röntgensatellit，缩写为ROSAT）是德国、美国、英国联合研制的一颗X射线天文卫星，为纪念发现X射线的德国物理学家伦琴而命名。

卫星上搭载有两台成像望远镜，工作波段分别为0.1-2.4keV的软X射线和0.06-0.2keV的极紫外线。其中X射线望远镜采用4层沃尔特I型掠射式望远镜，总接收面积为1140平方厘米，分辨率可达5角秒。

ROSAT (short for Röntgensatellit, in German X-rays are called Röntgenstrahlen, in honour of Wilhelm Röntgen) was a German Aerospace Center-led satellite X-ray telescope, with instruments built by West Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States. It was launched on 1 June 1990, on a Delta II rocket from Cape Canaveral, on what was initially designed as an 18-month mission, with provision for up to five years of operation. ROSAT actually operated for over eight years, finally shutting down on 12 February 1999.