罗曼·雅各布森(俄语：Рома́н О́сипович Якобсон 1896年11月11日－1982年7月18日)俄罗斯语言学家、文学理论家。雅各布森是20世纪前期语言学的主流语言结构分析的先驱。分别受到了到索绪尔和特鲁别茨柯伊的影响，雅各布森是20世纪最有影响力的语言学家之一。

他拓展了分析语言语音系统的技巧，因而开创了西方音韵学学门。雅各布森将同样的技巧运用在句法学跟构词学上，此外他也认为这些技巧能套用在语意学上，而这产生了一些争议性。雅各布森对斯拉夫语言学有许多的贡献，最有名的是关于俄罗斯语格位的两份研究以及俄罗斯语动词类别的分析。

Roman Osipovich Jakobson (Russian:Рома́н О́сипович Якобсо́н; October 11, 1896 – July 18, 1982) was a Russian–American linguist and literary theorist.

As a pioneer of the structural analysis of language, which became the dominant trend in linguistics during the first half of the 20th century, Jakobson was among the most influential linguists of the century. Influenced by the work of Ferdinand de Saussure, Jakobson developed, with Nikolai Trubetzkoy, techniques for the analysis of sound systems in languages, inaugurating the discipline of phonology. He went on to apply the same techniques of analysis to syntax and morphology, and controversially proposed that they be extended to semantics (the study of meaning in language). He made numerous contributions to Slavic linguistics, most notably two studies of Russian case and an analysis of the categories of the Russian verb. Drawing on insights from Charles Sanders Peirce's semiotics, as well as from communication theory and cybernetics, he proposed methods for the investigation of poetry, music, the visual arts, and cinema.