核酶（英语：ribozyme，又译核糖酶），又称核酸类酶、酶RNA、类酶RNA，是具有催化特定生物化学反应的功能的RNA分子，类似于蛋白质中的酶。

在核酶的发现之前，酶，其被定义为催化作用的蛋白质，是唯一已知的生物催化剂。

　　有催化活性的核糖核酸（RNA）。是1981年切赫（T.Cech）最先发现的，以后由他命名，尚无统一的中文译名。和酶（蛋白质催化剂）相比，细胞内的RNA催化剂是极少的。现在已知的几十种天然RNA催化剂的绝大部分参与RNA的加工和成熟。按它们的作用方式可分为剪切型（把RNA前体的多余部分切除），和剪接型（把RNA前体的内含子部分切除并把不连续的外显子部分连接起来）。根据所作用的底物不同，又可分成自体催化和异体催化两类。绝大多数RNA催化剂以自身为底物进行自体催化，可以是自我剪切，也可以是自我剪接。RNA催化剂比酶的催化效率低，有的RNA催化剂具有多种酶的功能。如纤毛原生动物四膜虫的rRNA前体的内含子串行具有核糖核酸酶等5种酶的活性，其水解RNA的速率为每分钟两次，而胰RNA酶的作用速率则为每秒钟数千次。切赫和奥尔特曼（S.Altman）因对RNA的催化性质研究的突出贡献，共获****年度诺贝尔化学奖。

Ribozymes (ribonucleic acid enzymes) are RNA molecules that are capable of catalyzing specific biochemical reactions, similar to the action of protein enzymes. The 1982 discovery of ribozymes demonstrated that RNA can be both genetic material (like DNA) and a biological catalyst (like protein enzymes), and contributed to the RNA world hypothesis, which suggests that RNA may have been important in the evolution of prebiotic self-replicating systems. The most common activities of natural or in vitro-evolved ribozymes are the cleavage or ligation of RNA and DNA and peptide bond formation. Within the ribosome, ribozymes function as part of the large subunit ribosomal RNA to link amino acids during protein synthesis. They also participate in a variety of RNA processing reactions, including RNA splicing, viral replication, and transfer RNA biosynthesis. Examples of ribozymes include the hammerhead ribozyme, the VS ribozyme, Leadzyme and the hairpin ribozyme.