蛋白质结构是指蛋白质分子的空间结构。作为一类重要的生物大分子，蛋白质主要由碳、氢、氧、氮、硫等化学元素组成。所有蛋白质都是由20种不同的L型α氨基酸连接形成的多聚体，在形成蛋白质后，这些氨基酸又被称为残基。蛋白质和多肽之间的界限并不是很清晰，有人基于发挥功能性作用的结构域所需的残基数认为，若残基数少于40，就称之为多肽或肽。要发挥生物学功能，蛋白质需要正确折叠为一个特定构型，主要是通过大量的非共价相互作用（如氢键，离子键，范德华力和疏水作用）来实现；此外，在一些蛋白质（特别是分泌性蛋白质）折叠中，二硫键也起到关键作用。为了从分子水平上了解蛋白质的作用机制，常常需要测定蛋白质的三维结构。由研究蛋白质结构而发展起来了结构生物学，采用了包括X射线晶体学、核磁共振等技术来解析蛋白质结构。

Protein structure is the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a protein molecule. Proteins are polymers — specifically polypeptides — formed from sequences of monomer amino acids. By convention, a chain under 40 amino acids is often identified as a peptide, rather than a protein. To be able to perform their biological function, proteins fold into one or more specific spatial conformations driven by a number of non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding, ionic interactions, Van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic packing. To understand the functions of proteins at a molecular level, it is often necessary to determine their three-dimensional structure. This is the topic of the scientific field of structural biology, which employs techniques such as X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and dual polarisation interferometry to determine the structure of proteins.