Rh血型系统（Rhesus），意为恒河猴血型系统，重要性仅次于ABO血型系统，主要指人类红细胞表面有无RhD抗原：

Rh血型系统一般不存在天然抗体，故第一次输血时不会发现Rh血型不合。但Rh阴性的受血者接受了Rh阳性血液后，可产生免疫性抗Rh抗体，如再次输受Rh阳性血液时，即可发生溶血性输血反应。

Rh阴性母亲若孕育Rh阳性的胎儿，一旦胎儿红细胞上的Rh因子由于某些原因进入母体血液（如胎盘剥落引起的流血），会使母体产生抗凝集素（抗Rh抗体）。抗凝集素又经过胎盘进入胎儿循环，使胎儿的红细胞凝集、破坏，这可以导致胎儿的严重贫血，甚至死亡。

The Rh blood group system (including the Rh factor) is one of thirty-five current human blood group systems. It is the second most important blood group system, after ABO. At present, the Rh blood group system consists of 50 defined blood-group antigens, among which the five antigens D, C, c, E, and e are the most important. The commonly used terms Rh factor, Rh positive and Rh negative refer to the D antigen only. Besides its role in blood transfusion, the Rh blood group system—specifically, the D antigen—is used to determine the risk of hemolytic disease of the newborn (or erythroblastosis fetalis) as prevention is the best approach to the management of this condition. As part of prenatal care, a blood test may be used to find out the blood type of a fetus. If the Rh antigen is lacking, the blood is called Rh-negative. If the antigen is present, it is called Rh-positive. When the mother is Rh-negative and the father is Rh-positive, the fetus can inherit the Rh factor from the father. This makes the fetus Rh-positive too. Problems can arise when the fetus’s blood has the Rh factor and the mother’s blood does not.