横纹肌溶解症（英语：Rhabdomyolysis，读音：英语发音：/ˌræbdɵmaɪˈɒlɨsɪs/）是一种人体肌肉细胞坏死的疾病。受损肌肉细胞释放崩坏后的产物进入血流，其中一些物质，如肌红蛋白，会对肾脏造成损害，导致肾衰竭。症状包括肌肉疼痛、呕吐、意识混乱，症状的严重性取决于肌肉受损程度以及是否发生肾衰竭。肌肉受损可由外部原因导致，如车祸受伤、过度锻炼、药物副作用、毒品酒精成瘾、感染等。部分人群因遗传原因会有较高的横纹肌溶解症发病几率。通常使用血尿检查诊断, 治疗方法主要是通过大量的静脉滴注，更严重的情况需要透析。

Rhabdomyolysis is a condition in which damaged skeletal striated muscle breaks down rapidly. Breakdown products of damaged muscle cells are released into the bloodstream; some of these, such as the protein myoglobin, are harmful to the kidneys and may lead to kidney failure. The severity of the symptoms, which may include muscle pains, vomiting, and confusion, depends on the extent of muscle damage and whether kidney failure develops. The muscle damage may be caused by physical factors (e.g., crush injury, strenuous exercise, medications, drug abuse, and infections). Some people have a hereditary muscle condition that increases the risk of rhabdomyolysis. The diagnosis is usually made with blood tests and urinalysis. The mainstay of treatment is generous quantities of intravenous fluids, but may include dialysis or hemofiltration in more severe cases.