视网膜色素变性，或称视网膜色素病变（Retinitis Pigmentosa，简称RP），是一种遗传性眼科疾病。

初期普遍的病征是夜盲、视野变窄，可以看到正前方景物，但略偏左右的视野就无法看见，RP病人外貌和正常人一般，但是因各种病征造成视觉障碍，视力将会逐渐消失，并且可能会遗传给下一代，然而目前还未有有效的治疗办法。

视网膜是位在眼球底部内壁，一片有多层感光细胞的组织，如数字相机的CCD的功能一般，视网膜能接收外界的景物，再发送视觉信号至脑部。RP的普遍特征是主要构成视网膜的视锥细胞、视杆细胞退化，并同时出现不正常的色素凝块。视椎细胞退化会逐渐影响中央视觉、辨色能力，视杆细胞退化会造成失去周边视觉、夜间视物困难。RP的特色是因为中央和周围的视觉退化，而只能看见前方如管状范围的「管状视野」。

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited, degenerative eye disease that causes severe vision impairment due to the progressive degeneration of the rod photoreceptor cells in the retina. This form of retinal dystrophy manifests initial symptoms independent of age; thus, RP diagnosis occurs anywhere from early infancy to late adulthood. Patients in the early stages of RP first notice compromised peripheral and dim light vision due to the decline of the rod photoreceptors. The progressive rod degeneration is later followed by abnormalities in the adjacent retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the deterioration of cone photoreceptor cells. As peripheral vision becomes increasingly compromised, patients experience progressive "tunnel vision" and eventual blindness. Affected individuals may additionally experience defective light-dark adaptations, nyctalopia (night blindness), and the accumulation of bone spicules in the fundus.