责任政府（英语：responsible government），或称问责政府、责任内阁等，是一种政治制度，即政府对议会负责任。议会问责是西敏制的议会民主政治体制的基础，同时也在其他的许多议会制国家使用。在使用此制度的议会民主政体，“政府”（行政机构，通常是内阁）对议会，而不是对君主或元首负责；对殖民地来说，指的是政府对当地议会，而不是宗主国政府负责。在实行两院制的地方，政府一般对人数较多、较直接选举并较具代表性的下议院负责。

议会问责的责任政府有几个常见的特点：

责任政府是西敏制政体的常见制度。除了英国外，其他原英国殖民地也大多在其历史上从总督独断或帝国直辖演变成责任政府体制。这些国家和地区大多在过去和现在都将获得责任政府视为其政治进化的重要里程碑。一般成功实施责任政府的殖民地才能获得自治领资格，进而成为独立国家。

Responsible government is a conception of a system of government that embodies the principle of parliamentary accountability, the foundation of the Westminster system of parliamentary democracy. Governments (the equivalent of the executive branch) in Westminster democracies are responsible to parliament rather than to the monarch, or, in a colonial context, to the imperial government, and in a republican context, to the president, either in full or in part. If the parliament is bicameral, then the government is responsible first to the parliament's lower house, which is more numerous, always directly elected and thus more representative than the upper house. Responsible government of parliamentary accountability manifests itself in several ways. Ministers account to Parliament for their decisions and for the performance of their departments. This requirement to make announcements and to answer questions in Parliament means that ministers have to have the privileges of the "floor" which are only granted to those who are members of either house of Parliament. Secondly, and most importantly, although ministers are officially appointed by the authority of the head of state and can theoretically be dismissed at the pleasure of the sovereign, they concurrently retain their office subject to their holding the confidence of the lower house of Parliament. When the lower house has passed a motion of no confidence in the government, the government must immediately resign or submit itself to the electorate in a new general election.