在凝聚体物理学中，共振价键理论（英语：resonating valence bond theory，简称RVB）是一种试图解释高温超导（尤其是铜氧化物超导体）的理论模型。1987年，美国物理学家菲利普·安德森和印度物理学家Ganapathy Baskaran提出了该理论。此理论认为在铜氧化物晶格中，邻近铜原子相互作用形成价键，将它们固定在位置上。然而，经过掺杂之后，这些电子可以像库柏对一样运动而形成超导现象。安德森在他1987年发表的论文中认为掺杂铜氧化物中超导的起源是（非超导态的）铜氧化物的莫特绝缘体特性。共振价键理论是在赫巴德模型和t-J模型的基础上创建的，用于研究强关联材料。

In condensed matter physics, the resonating valence bond theory (RVB) is a theoretical model that attempts to describe high temperature superconductivity, and in particular the superconductivity in cuprate compounds. It was first proposed by an American physicist P. W. Anderson and an Indian theoretical physicist Ganapathy Baskaran in 1987. The theory states that in copper oxide lattices, electrons from neighboring copper atoms interact to form a valence bond, which locks them in place. However, with doping, these electrons can act as mobile Cooper pairs and are able to superconduct. Anderson observed in his 1987 paper that the origins of superconductivity in doped cuprates was in the Mott insulator nature of crystalline copper oxide. RVB builds on the Hubbard and t-J models used in the study of strongly correlated materials.