Anesthesiologist Alex Hellman felt like his actions contributed to a patient's death after he replaced a breathing tube.

麻醉师亚历克斯·赫尔曼觉得自己的行为是导致病人死亡的一个原因，因为他撤掉了一根呼吸管。

But with the help of new technology, electronic chips replaced tubes and a revolution of artificial intelligence has arisen.

但是在新技术的帮助下，电子芯片代替了电子管，一场人工智能革命由此掀起。

In 1959, IBM upgraded their vacuum-tube-based “709” computers to transistors by replacing all the discrete vacuum tubes with discrete transistors.

1959 年，IBM 通过将所有分立真空管替换为分立晶体管，将其基于真空管的“709”计算机升级为晶体管。