白翎岛（백령도）位于朝鲜半岛以西，浮于黄海之上。在长山串以南17km，东距仁川市中心193km。该岛属于大韩民国（南韩）管辖，是极接近朝鲜民主主义人民共和国（北韩）的前线地。

属于黄海上由南韩管辖的「西海五岛」（白翎岛、大青岛、小青岛、大延坪岛、小延坪岛）之一。行政上属仁川广域市瓮津郡白翎面。现为南韩政府统治范围的最西端。

北方为朝鲜半岛本土的长山串、东方为瓮津半岛。距离最近的岛为浮于东北方11km的月乃岛。在此岸肉眼可见北韩统治范围（黄海南道）的土地，白翎岛与北韩实控区域间的海域是南韩划定的北方界限线（NLL）。然北韩与1999年单方面将「海上军事分界线」向白翎岛的南侧设置，关于此海域的南北主权争议遂起，接着2010年白翎岛西南海域发生天安舰沈没事件。但北韩仍认可白翎岛与南韩本土之间的船舶通航。该岛为南韩与北韩间最前线的岛屿，岛上配备有与居民人口同数、4000人规模的韩国海军陆战队第6陆战旅。

Baengnyeong Island (sometimes spelled Baekryeong; Korean pronunciation: [pɛŋnjʌŋ-do]) is a 45.8-square-kilometre (17.7 sq mi), 8.45 kilometres (5.25 mi) long and 12.56 kilometres (7.80 mi) wide island in Ongjin County, Incheon, South Korea, located near the Northern Limit Line. The 1953 Korean Armistice Agreement which ended the Korean War specified that the five islands including Baengnyeong Island would remain under United Nations Command and South Korean control. This agreement was signed by both the DPRK and the United Nations Command. Since then, it serves as a maritime demarcation between North and South Korea in the Yellow Sea. It has a population of approximately 4,329.