So the relations of production that created economic growth became precisely the things that caused crises.

于是，创造经济增长的生产关系恰恰变成了引发危机的东西。

These are all questions about the relations of production.

这些都是关于生产关系的问题。

The relations of production, meanwhile, define how people organize themselves around labor.

与此同时，生产关系决定了人们如何围绕劳动组织自己。

History is a matter of struggling classes, he said, each aligned with either the forces or relations of production.

他说，历史是斗争阶级的问题，每个阶级都与生产的力量或关系保持一致。

And modes of production are all defined by a combination of forces of production and relations of production.

生产方式都是由生产力和生产关系的组合决定的。

And so this is Marx's model of history: a series of modes of production, composed of forces and relations of production.

这就是马克思的历史模型：一系列由生产力量和生产关系组成的生产方式。

But eventually, he said, those advances always stall, as the forces of production run up against the limits created by the relations of production.

但最终，他说，这些进步总是停滞不前，因为生产力会触及生产关系所造成的限制。

For example, in the early days of capitalism, the relations of production included things like private ownership of property, competition among capitalists, and wage labor.

例如， 在资本主义初期，生产关系包括财产私有制、资本家之间的竞争和雇佣劳动等。

The bourgeoisie are aligned with the relations of production, he said, because these relations are what allow them to extract surplus from the workers.

他说，资产阶级与生产关系保持一致，因为这些关系使他们能够从工人那里榨取剩余。

Crises of overproduction are an example of what Marx saw in every mode of production: the contradiction between the forces of production and the relations of production.

生产过剩危机是马克思在每一种生产方式中所看到的例子：生产力与生产关系之间的矛盾。

They want the further development of the forces of production – of which their labor makes up a large part – and they want a complete change in the relations of production.

他们要进一步发展生产力——他们的劳动占生产力的很大一部分——他们要彻底改变生产关系。

But Marx was a historical materialist, so in his view, even in feudalism, classes weren’t really defined by laws, they were actually defined by their place in the relations of production.

但是马克思是一个历史唯物主义者， 所以在他看来，即使在封建制度下， 阶级也不是真正由法律来定义的， 它们实际上是由他们在生产关系中的位置来定义的。

But for Marx, you only get large-scale social change through class struggle, which culminates in a revolution, overthrowing the old relations of production and replacing them with an entirely new set.

但对马克思来说， 只有通过阶级斗争才能实现大规模的社会变革， 最终导致革命，推翻旧的生产关系并用一套全新的生产关系取而代之。