Such pits are about the size of a bacterial cell.

凹坑与细菌一般大小。

Now bacterial cells are often surrounded by several layers which are collectively called the cell envelope.

细菌外表通常分为数层，它们统称为细胞包膜。

Bacterial cells are often surrounded by several layers which are collectively called the cell envelope.

细菌通常被几层包围，统称为细胞包膜。

The lab, isolated bacterial cells and documented them as they multiplied, growing into colonies that we can see.

实验室分离了细菌细胞，并记录了它们的增殖过程，形成我们可以看到的菌落。

These contain the genetic instructions to make proteins found on the surface of a disease-causing viral or bacterial cell.

这些基因含有制造致病病毒或细菌细胞表面蛋白质的遗传指令。

Bacterial cell walls are often negatively charged, which means that they repel any potential harmful molecules that also happen to be negatively charged.

细菌细胞壁通常带负电荷，这意味着它们排斥任何碰巧带负电荷的潜在有害分子。

The feet are actually extremely sensitive receptors, on the lookout for the right surface on a bacterial cell.

脚实际上是极其敏感的感受器，负责寻找细菌细胞的正确表面。

In turn, the complement causes powerful enzymes to eat through the bacterial cell wall and make the organism burst.

疾病治疗 为了治疗患者，医生必须首先做出诊断，即得出关于疾病性质的结论。

You may know how human genes are transferred to host bacterial cells, which then produce large amounts of substances humans require, such as hormones like insulin.

你可能知道人类基因是如何转移到宿主细菌细胞中的，然后细菌细胞产生大量人类需要的物质，比如胰岛素等激素。

Now, LPS has the ability to avoid complement-mediated killing by inhibiting the formation of the membrane attack complex and preventing membrane damage and bacterial cell death.

LPS可以通过抑制膜攻击复合物（MAC）的形成，逃避补体介导的杀伤作用，防止细胞膜损伤和细菌死亡。

Large amounts of them are released when bacterial cells die, and they can make us sick if they enter the blood stream.

当细菌细胞死亡时会释放出大量它们，如果它们进入血液， 就会使我们生病。

When a bacterial cell playing host to a Sapi is infected by a phage, the Sapis can command the cell to produce a protein called small transferase.

当作为致病岛宿主的细菌细胞被噬菌体感染时，致病岛可以命令细胞产生一种称为小转移酶的蛋白质。

In addition, the bacteria usually form a biofilm where individual bacterial cells are fixed in a matrix of slime which protects them from the immune system as well as antibiotics.

此外，这些细菌还可形成生物膜，即单个细菌粘附在黏液基质中，从而对抗免疫系统和抗生素。

Mouritsen:  Basically, we have taken the genetic code from a night migratory songbird—put it in a bacterial cell culture, asked the culture to make this protein.

Mouritsen：基本上，我们从夜间迁徙的鸣禽身上提取了遗传密码——将其放入细菌细胞培养物中，要求培养物制造这种蛋白质。

And so we take out of one soil sample of a few grams—we get millions of bacterial cells, and we put them all in their individual house.

所以我们从一个土壤样本中取出几克——我们得到数百万个细菌细胞，我们把它们都放在各自的房间里。

And combining the sugars with an antibacterial protein called polymyxin B, found in human saliva and potentially breast milk, made it better at poking holes in bacterial cell membranes to fight off infection.

并将糖与一种称为多粘菌素 B 的抗菌蛋白结合在一起，这种蛋白存在于人类唾液和可能的母乳中， 可以更好地在细菌细胞膜上戳孔以抵抗感染。

So these antibiotics, you know, get into the bacterial cell and the bacterium usually dies, but there are some bacteria that were very good at just basically pumping this antibiotic right back out again.

所以这些抗生素，你知道，进入细菌细胞，细菌通常会死亡，但是有一些细菌非常擅长将这种抗生素再次泵出。

Underneath the bacterial cell wall, there's the plasma membrane which is the most important layer because it encloses the cytoplasm which is a gel-like substance composed mainly of water that also contains cell components, enzymes, and various organic molecules.

质膜存在细菌细胞壁下面，这是最重要的一层，因为它包裹了胞质；胞质是主要由水组成的凝胶状物质，同时也包含细胞成分、酶及各种有机小分子。