染色体易位（英语：Chromosome translocation，或译染色体对调）是一种染色体异常现象，指非同源染色体的片段重新排列组合。主要可分为两种类型：

另一方面，也可分为：

In genetics, a chromosome translocation is a chromosome abnormality caused by rearrangement of parts between nonhomologous chromosomes. A gene fusion may be created when the translocation joins two otherwise-separated genes, it is detected on cytogenetics or a karyotype of affected cells. Translocations can be balanced (in an even exchange of material with no genetic information extra or missing, and ideally full functionality) or unbalanced (where the exchange of chromosome material is unequal resulting in extra or missing genes).