放射测年法是利用测定被测定物中某些放射性元素与其衰变产物的比率，之后应用这种放射性元素半衰期计算年代的方法。

一般物质皆是由化学元素之结合体所组成，各有其独特的原子序数，标明了原子核内的质子数。另外，元素核内可拥有相异的中子数，而以不同的同位素状态存在。有的特定元素的特定同位素被称作核素。有的核素本身性质不稳定，因此在某些特定时刻，此类核素的原子会自然转换为不同的核素。这种转变可以多种方式达成，包括放射性衰变，其可以发射粒子（通常为电子（β衰变）、正电子或α粒子）、电子捕获或自发分裂进行。

放射性衰变对应之地质年代的数学表达式为：

Radiometric dating or radioactive dating is a technique used to date materials such as rocks or carbon, in which trace radioactive impurities were selectively incorporated when they formed. The method compares the abundance of a naturally occurring radioactive isotope within the material to the abundance of its decay products, which form at a known constant rate of decay. The use of radiometric dating was first published in 1907 by Bertram Boltwood and is now the principal source of information about the absolute age of rocks and other geological features, including the age of the Earth itself, and can be used to date a wide range of natural and man-made materials.