Spaceflight radiation carcinogenesis

![Comparison of Radiation Doses - includes the amount detected on the trip from Earth to Mars by the RAD on the MSL (2011 - 2013).[11][12][13][14]](/uploads/202502/05/PIA17601-Comparisons-RadiationExposure-MarsTrip-201312095358.png)
Astronauts are exposed to approximately 50-2,000 millisieverts (mSv) while on six-month-duration missions to the International Space Station (ISS), the moon and beyond. The risk of cancer caused by ionizing radiation is well documented at radiation doses beginning at 50 mSv and above.