射电望远镜是主要接收天体射电波段辐射的望远镜。射电望远镜的外形差别很大，有固定在地面的单一口径的球面射电望远镜，有能够全方位转动的类似卫星接收天线的射电望远镜，有射电望远镜阵列，还有金属杆制成的射电望远镜。

1931年，美国贝尔实验室的央斯基用天线阵接收到了来自银河系中心的无线电波。随后美国人格罗特·雷伯在自家的后院建造了一架口径9.5米的天线，并在1939年接收到了来自银河系中心的无线电波，并且根据观测结果绘制了第一张射电天图。射电天文学从此诞生。雷伯使用的那架天线是世界上第一架专门用于天文观测的射电望远镜。

A radio telescope is a form of directional radio antenna used in radio astronomy. The same types of antennas are also used in tracking and getting data from satellites and space probes. In their astronomical role they differ from optical telescopes in that they operate in the radio frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum where they can detect and collect data on radio sources. Radio telescopes are typically large parabolic ("dish") antennas used singly or in an array. Radio observatories are preferentially located far from major centers of population to avoid electromagnetic interference (EMI) from radio, TV, radar, and other EMI emitting devices. This is similar to the locating of optical telescopes to avoid light pollution, with the difference being that radio observatories are often placed in valleys to further shield them from EMI as opposed to clear air mountain tops for optical observatories.