巴比伦尼亚是美索不达米亚中南部（现今伊拉克）的一个古代文化地区，其首都为巴比伦。汉摩拉比于苏美尔和阿卡德帝国之地创建了巴比伦尼亚，亚摩利人成为了闪米特人的一支，巴比伦尼亚采用了闪米特的阿卡德语作为官方语言，并保留了当时不再当为口语的苏美尔语作宗教用途。阿卡德及苏美尔文化于后期巴比伦亚文化中举足轻重，巴比伦尼亚地区即使在外族统治时，仍然是该地重要的文化中心。

最早记载「巴比伦尼亚」一地的文本，可追溯至前23世纪的萨尔贡时期的一块版匾。

Babylonia was an ancient Akkadian-speaking Semitic state and cultural region based in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq). A small Amorite-ruled state emerged in 1894 BC, which contained at this time the minor city of Babylon. Babylon greatly expanded during the reign of Hammurabi in the first half of the 18th century BC, becoming a major capital city. During the reign of Hammurabi and afterwards, Babylonia was called Mât Akkadî "the country of Akkad" in Akkadian.