巴比伦囚虏或巴比伦之囚是指古犹太人被掳往巴比伦的历史事件。公元前597年和前586年，犹大王国两度被新巴比伦王国国王尼布甲尼撒二世征服，大批犹太富人、工匠、祭司、王室成员和平民上万人被掳往巴比伦，并囚禁于巴比伦城。

前538年，波斯国王居鲁士灭巴比伦后，被囚掳的犹太人才获准返回家园。这段历史，犹太人自称为受难时代，被囚时渴望耶和华派一个救世主来复兴国家。犹太教就是从此萌芽的，对基督教的影响也很大。

The Babylonian captivity or Babylonian exile is the period in Jewish history during which a number of Judahites of the ancient Kingdom of Judah were captives in Babylonia. After the Battle of Carchemish in 605 BCE, Nebuchadnezzar, the king of Babylon, besieged Jerusalem, resulting in tribute being paid by King Jehoiakim. Jehoiakim refused to pay tribute in Nebuchadnezzar's fourth year, which led to another siege in Nebuchadnezzar's seventh year, culminating with the death of Jehoiakim and the exile of King Jeconiah, his court and many others; Jeconiah's successor Zedekiah and others were exiled in Nebuchadnezzar's eighteenth year; a later deportation occurred in Nebuchadnezzar's twenty-third year. The dates, numbers of deportations, and numbers of deportees given in the biblical accounts vary. These deportations are dated to 597 BCE for the first, with others dated at 587/586 BCE, and 582/581 BCE respectively.