Turtle shell

（重定向自Pyramiding）

Scutes (left) and skeletal components (right) of a turtle's carapace.Scutes (left) and skeletal components (right) of a turtle's plastron Pleurodires have an extra scute known as the intergular. It is absent in cryptodires.

A preserved turtle skeleton showing how the carapace connects with the rest of the skeleton.

Internal anterior carapace of Elseya dentata. Pe = Peripheral, P1 = Pleural 1, BCS = Bridge Carapace Suture.

↑ Lyson, Tyler R.; Bhullar, Bhart-Anjan S.; Bever, Gabe S.; Joyce, Walter G.; de Queiroz, Kevin; Abzhanov, Arhat; Gauthier, Jacques A. (2013-09-01). "Homology of the enigmatic nuchal bone reveals novel reorganization of the shoulder girdle in the evolution of the turtle shell". Evolution & Development 15 (5): 317–325. doi:10.1111/ede.12041. ISSN 1525-142X.
1 2 3 Romer, A.S. (1956) Osteology of the Reptiles. Univ. of Chicago Press.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Zangerl, R. 1969. The turtle shell. In: Gans, C., Bellairs, D.d'A. and Parsons, T.A. (Eds). Biology of the Reptilia, Vol 1, Morphology A. London: Academic Press. pp. 311–340
1 2 3 4 Thomson, S., White, A. & Georges, A (1997). "Re-Evaluation of Emydura lavarackorum: Identification of a Living Fossil" (PDF). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 42 (1): 327–336.
↑ Pritchard, P.C.H. (1988). "A survey of neural bone variation among recent chelonian species, with functional interpretations". Acta Zoologica Cracoviensa 31 (26): 625–686.
↑ Thomson, S. and Georges, A. (1996). "Neural bones in chelid turtles". Chelonian Conservation and Biology 2: 82–86.
↑ Rhodin, A.G.J. and Mittermeier, R.A. (1977). "Neural bones in chelid turtles from Australia and New Guinea" (PDF). Copeia 1977 (2): 370–372. doi:10.2307/1443917. JSTOR 1443917.
1 2 3 Pritchard, P.C.H., and P. Trebbau. 1984. The Turtles of Venezuela. SSAR Contributions to Herpetology 2:.
↑ Bojanus, L. H. 1819. Anatome testudinis Europaeae. 178pp, 31 plates
↑ Nagashima, H., F. Sugahara, M. Takechi, R. Ericsson, Y. Kawashima-Ohya, Y. Narita, and S. Kuratani. 2009. Evolution of the turtle body plan by the folding and creation of new muscle connections. Science 325:193-196.
↑ Wang, Z., J. Pascual-Anaya, A. Zadissa, W. Q. Li, Y. Niimura, Z. Y. Huang, C. Y. Li et al. 2013. The draft genomes of soft-shell turtle and green sea turtle yield insights into the development and evolution of the turtle-specific body plan. Nature Genetics 45:701-+.
↑ Hirasawa, T., H. Nagashima, and S. Kuratani. 2013. The endoskeletal origin of the turtle carapace. Nature Communications 4.
↑ Lee, M. S. Y. 2013. Palaeontology: Turtles in transition. Current Biology 23:R513-R515.
1 2 Li, C., X.-C. Wu, O. Rieppel, L.-T. Wang, and L.-J. Zhao. 2008. An ancestral turtle from the Late Triassic of southwestern China. Nature 456:497-501.
↑ Kuratani, S. 2011. Evolutionary developmental perspective for the origin of turtles: the folding theory for the shell based on the developmental nature of the carapacial ridge. Evolution & Development 13:1-14.
↑ Li, Chun; Wu, Xiao-Chun; Rieppel, Olivier; Wang, Li-Ting; Zhao, Li-Jun (2008-11-27). "An ancestral turtle from the Late Triassic of southwestern China". Nature 456 (7221): 497–501. doi:10.1038/nature07533. ISSN 0028-0836.
↑ Lyson, Tyler R., Gabe S. Bever, Torsten M. Scheyer, Allison Y. Hsiang, and Jacques A. Gauthier. 2013. Evolutionary Origin of the Turtle Shell. Current Biology 23:1113-1119.
1 2 Schoch, Rainer R.; Sues, Hans-Dieter. "A Middle Triassic stem-turtle and the evolution of the turtle body plan". Nature 523 (7562): 584–587. doi:10.1038/nature14472.
↑ Gilbert, S. F., G. A. Loredo, A. Brukman, and A. C. Burke. 2001. Morphogenesis of the turtle shell: The development of a novel structure in tetrapod evolution. Evolution & Development 3:47-58.
↑ MacCord, Kate; Caniglia, Guido; Moustakas-Verho, Jacqueline E.; Burke, Ann C. (2015-05-01). "The dawn of chelonian research: Turtles between comparative anatomy and embryology in the 19th century". Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 324 (3): 169–180. doi:10.1002/jez.b.22587. ISSN 1552-5015.
↑ Hirasawa, Tatsuya; Pascual-Anaya, Juan; Kamezaki, Naoki; Taniguchi, Mari; Mine, Kanako; Kuratani, Shigeru (2015-05-01). "The evolutionary origin of the turtle shell and its dependence on the axial arrest of the embryonic rib cage". Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 324 (3): 194–207. doi:10.1002/jez.b.22579. ISSN 1552-5015.
↑ C.H. Ernst, R.G.M. Altenburg and R.W. Barbour. "Terrapene carolina". Netherlands Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
↑ Kaplan, H. M. (1957). "Septicemic, cutaneous ulcerative disease of turtles". Proc. Animal Care Panel 7: 273–277.
↑ Mader, D. (2006) Reptile Medicine and Surgery, 2nd ed., Saunders, ISBN 072169327X.

[1] Lyson, Tyler R.; Bhullar, Bhart-Anjan S.; Bever, Gabe S.; Joyce, Walter G.; de Queiroz, Kevin; Abzhanov, Arhat; Gauthier, Jacques A. (2013-09-01). "Homology of the enigmatic nuchal bone reveals novel reorganization of the shoulder girdle in the evolution of the turtle shell". Evolution & Development 15 (5): 317–325. doi:10.1111/ede.12041. ISSN 1525-142X.

[rom56-2] 1 2 3 Romer, A.S. (1956) Osteology of the Reptiles. Univ. of Chicago Press.

[zang69-3] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Zangerl, R. 1969. The turtle shell. In: Gans, C., Bellairs, D.d'A. and Parsons, T.A. (Eds). Biology of the Reptilia, Vol 1, Morphology A. London: Academic Press. pp. 311–340

[twg97-4] 1 2 3 4 Thomson, S., White, A. & Georges, A (1997). "Re-Evaluation of Emydura lavarackorum: Identification of a Living Fossil" (PDF). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 42 (1): 327–336.

[pchp88-5] Pritchard, P.C.H. (1988). "A survey of neural bone variation among recent chelonian species, with functional interpretations". Acta Zoologica Cracoviensa 31 (26): 625–686.

[tg96-6] Thomson, S. and Georges, A. (1996). "Neural bones in chelid turtles". Chelonian Conservation and Biology 2: 82–86.

[rhmit77-7] Rhodin, A.G.J. and Mittermeier, R.A. (1977). "Neural bones in chelid turtles from Australia and New Guinea" (PDF). Copeia 1977 (2): 370–372. doi:10.2307/1443917. JSTOR 1443917.

[pchpt84-8] 1 2 3 Pritchard, P.C.H., and P. Trebbau. 1984. The Turtles of Venezuela. SSAR Contributions to Herpetology 2:.

[bojanus-9] Bojanus, L. H. 1819. Anatome testudinis Europaeae. 178pp, 31 plates

[10] Nagashima, H., F. Sugahara, M. Takechi, R. Ericsson, Y. Kawashima-Ohya, Y. Narita, and S. Kuratani. 2009. Evolution of the turtle body plan by the folding and creation of new muscle connections. Science 325:193-196.

[11] Wang, Z., J. Pascual-Anaya, A. Zadissa, W. Q. Li, Y. Niimura, Z. Y. Huang, C. Y. Li et al. 2013. The draft genomes of soft-shell turtle and green sea turtle yield insights into the development and evolution of the turtle-specific body plan. Nature Genetics 45:701-+.

[12] Hirasawa, T., H. Nagashima, and S. Kuratani. 2013. The endoskeletal origin of the turtle carapace. Nature Communications 4.

[13] Lee, M. S. Y. 2013. Palaeontology: Turtles in transition. Current Biology 23:R513-R515.

[.3A0-14] 1 2 Li, C., X.-C. Wu, O. Rieppel, L.-T. Wang, and L.-J. Zhao. 2008. An ancestral turtle from the Late Triassic of southwestern China. Nature 456:497-501.

[15] Kuratani, S. 2011. Evolutionary developmental perspective for the origin of turtles: the folding theory for the shell based on the developmental nature of the carapacial ridge. Evolution & Development 13:1-14.

[16] Li, Chun; Wu, Xiao-Chun; Rieppel, Olivier; Wang, Li-Ting; Zhao, Li-Jun (2008-11-27). "An ancestral turtle from the Late Triassic of southwestern China". Nature 456 (7221): 497–501. doi:10.1038/nature07533. ISSN 0028-0836.

[17] Lyson, Tyler R., Gabe S. Bever, Torsten M. Scheyer, Allison Y. Hsiang, and Jacques A. Gauthier. 2013. Evolutionary Origin of the Turtle Shell. Current Biology 23:1113-1119.

[.3A1-18] 1 2 Schoch, Rainer R.; Sues, Hans-Dieter. "A Middle Triassic stem-turtle and the evolution of the turtle body plan". Nature 523 (7562): 584–587. doi:10.1038/nature14472.

[19] Gilbert, S. F., G. A. Loredo, A. Brukman, and A. C. Burke. 2001. Morphogenesis of the turtle shell: The development of a novel structure in tetrapod evolution. Evolution & Development 3:47-58.

[20] MacCord, Kate; Caniglia, Guido; Moustakas-Verho, Jacqueline E.; Burke, Ann C. (2015-05-01). "The dawn of chelonian research: Turtles between comparative anatomy and embryology in the 19th century". Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 324 (3): 169–180. doi:10.1002/jez.b.22587. ISSN 1552-5015.

[21] Hirasawa, Tatsuya; Pascual-Anaya, Juan; Kamezaki, Naoki; Taniguchi, Mari; Mine, Kanako; Kuratani, Shigeru (2015-05-01). "The evolutionary origin of the turtle shell and its dependence on the axial arrest of the embryonic rib cage". Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 324 (3): 194–207. doi:10.1002/jez.b.22579. ISSN 1552-5015.

[NBIF1-22] C.H. Ernst, R.G.M. Altenburg and R.W. Barbour. "Terrapene carolina". Netherlands Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 12 February 2011.

[kap57-23] Kaplan, H. M. (1957). "Septicemic, cutaneous ulcerative disease of turtles". Proc. Animal Care Panel 7: 273–277.

[mad06-24] Mader, D. (2006) Reptile Medicine and Surgery, 2nd ed., Saunders, ISBN 072169327X.

单词	pyramiding
释义	pyramiding /'pirəmidiŋ/ 英汉-汉英词典 n. 证券市场进行投机时使用的金字塔式交易法；为了积累利润而连续投机；通过控股公司，掌握少数股本而控制许多公司词组 \| 习惯用语您要查找的是不是： pyramid n. 金字塔；角锥体 vi. 渐增；上涨；成金字塔状 pyrimidine n. [化]嘧啶 pyramids n. （埃及）[建] 金字塔（pyramid的复数）；[解剖] 锥体 hexagonal pyramid 六方锥; 六方单锥; pyramid sale 传销 pyramid method [数] 角锥法 quadrangular pyramid [数] 四角锥 steerable pyramid 易操纵金字塔，可操纵金字塔; 方向金子塔，控向金字塔; image pyramid 影像金字塔 square pyramid 正方棱锥 pyramid structure 金字塔结构; 金字塔型结构; pyramid scheme 金字塔骗局；非法传销网络短语: pyramiding breeding 聚合育种 subunit pyramiding 亚基聚合 pyramiding strategy 金字塔操作策略 pyramiding exchange 金字塔式证券交易 pyramiding genotype 聚合基因型 multiple genes pyramiding 多基因聚合 Pyramiding 隆背; 金字塔式控制股权; 递进落单; Pyramids 金字塔; 锥体; 埃及金字塔; 角锥; Climb Cheops' pyramid 攀登 double e hexagonal pyramid 六角双锥原声例句美语情景对话 Oh, yes. Actually, I climbed the pyramids. 哦，是的。实际上我还爬上金字塔了。 Lost Girl S02 I like pyramids. Do you like pyramids? 我喜欢金字塔你喜欢不? CNN 10 学生英语 2018年10月合集 Big enough to fit two great pyramids inside. 大到足够容纳两座大金字塔。连线杂志 And yes, it actually was an ancient Maya pyramid. 是的，它实际上是一个古老的玛雅金字塔。空中英语：大家说英语 Just north of Mexico City are some ancient pyramids. 在墨西哥城市的北面，有一些古金字塔。连线杂志 I found the pyramid through Google Earth at home. 我在家里通过谷歌地球找到了金字塔。 VOA慢速英语_世界 For the first time, visitors can enter the pyramids. 这是第一次游客可以进入金字塔。 TED演讲（视频版）双语精选 You all know the food pyramid. 我们都知道食物金字塔。连线杂志 I'm gonna go with an entire Mayan pyramid. 是玛雅金字塔。托福备考手册 Then it gives me a sample sentence mentioning the pyramids. 然后它给了我一个提到金字塔的例句。英语百科 Turtle shell （重定向自Pyramiding） ↑ Lyson, Tyler R.; Bhullar, Bhart-Anjan S.; Bever, Gabe S.; Joyce, Walter G.; de Queiroz, Kevin; Abzhanov, Arhat; Gauthier, Jacques A. (2013-09-01). "Homology of the enigmatic nuchal bone reveals novel reorganization of the shoulder girdle in the evolution of the turtle shell". Evolution & Development 15 (5): 317–325. doi:10.1111/ede.12041. ISSN 1525-142X. 1 2 3 Romer, A.S. (1956) Osteology of the Reptiles. Univ. of Chicago Press. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Zangerl, R. 1969. The turtle shell. In: Gans, C., Bellairs, D.d'A. and Parsons, T.A. (Eds). Biology of the Reptilia, Vol 1, Morphology A. London: Academic Press. pp. 311–340 1 2 3 4 Thomson, S., White, A. & Georges, A (1997). "Re-Evaluation of Emydura lavarackorum: Identification of a Living Fossil" (PDF). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 42 (1): 327–336. ↑ Pritchard, P.C.H. (1988). "A survey of neural bone variation among recent chelonian species, with functional interpretations". Acta Zoologica Cracoviensa 31 (26): 625–686. ↑ Thomson, S. and Georges, A. (1996). "Neural bones in chelid turtles". Chelonian Conservation and Biology 2: 82–86. ↑ Rhodin, A.G.J. and Mittermeier, R.A. (1977). "Neural bones in chelid turtles from Australia and New Guinea" (PDF). Copeia 1977 (2): 370–372. doi:10.2307/1443917. JSTOR 1443917. 1 2 3 Pritchard, P.C.H., and P. Trebbau. 1984. The Turtles of Venezuela. SSAR Contributions to Herpetology 2:. ↑ Bojanus, L. H. 1819. Anatome testudinis Europaeae. 178pp, 31 plates ↑ Nagashima, H., F. Sugahara, M. Takechi, R. Ericsson, Y. Kawashima-Ohya, Y. Narita, and S. Kuratani. 2009. Evolution of the turtle body plan by the folding and creation of new muscle connections. Science 325:193-196. ↑ Wang, Z., J. Pascual-Anaya, A. Zadissa, W. Q. Li, Y. Niimura, Z. Y. Huang, C. Y. Li et al. 2013. The draft genomes of soft-shell turtle and green sea turtle yield insights into the development and evolution of the turtle-specific body plan. Nature Genetics 45:701-+. ↑ Hirasawa, T., H. Nagashima, and S. Kuratani. 2013. The endoskeletal origin of the turtle carapace. Nature Communications 4. ↑ Lee, M. S. Y. 2013. Palaeontology: Turtles in transition. Current Biology 23:R513-R515. 1 2 Li, C., X.-C. Wu, O. Rieppel, L.-T. Wang, and L.-J. Zhao. 2008. An ancestral turtle from the Late Triassic of southwestern China. Nature 456:497-501. ↑ Kuratani, S. 2011. Evolutionary developmental perspective for the origin of turtles: the folding theory for the shell based on the developmental nature of the carapacial ridge. Evolution & Development 13:1-14. ↑ Li, Chun; Wu, Xiao-Chun; Rieppel, Olivier; Wang, Li-Ting; Zhao, Li-Jun (2008-11-27). "An ancestral turtle from the Late Triassic of southwestern China". Nature 456 (7221): 497–501. doi:10.1038/nature07533. ISSN 0028-0836. ↑ Lyson, Tyler R., Gabe S. Bever, Torsten M. Scheyer, Allison Y. Hsiang, and Jacques A. Gauthier. 2013. Evolutionary Origin of the Turtle Shell. Current Biology 23:1113-1119. 1 2 Schoch, Rainer R.; Sues, Hans-Dieter. "A Middle Triassic stem-turtle and the evolution of the turtle body plan". Nature 523 (7562): 584–587. doi:10.1038/nature14472. ↑ Gilbert, S. F., G. A. Loredo, A. Brukman, and A. C. Burke. 2001. Morphogenesis of the turtle shell: The development of a novel structure in tetrapod evolution. Evolution & Development 3:47-58. ↑ MacCord, Kate; Caniglia, Guido; Moustakas-Verho, Jacqueline E.; Burke, Ann C. (2015-05-01). "The dawn of chelonian research: Turtles between comparative anatomy and embryology in the 19th century". Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 324 (3): 169–180. doi:10.1002/jez.b.22587. ISSN 1552-5015. ↑ Hirasawa, Tatsuya; Pascual-Anaya, Juan; Kamezaki, Naoki; Taniguchi, Mari; Mine, Kanako; Kuratani, Shigeru (2015-05-01). "The evolutionary origin of the turtle shell and its dependence on the axial arrest of the embryonic rib cage". Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 324 (3): 194–207. doi:10.1002/jez.b.22579. ISSN 1552-5015. ↑ C.H. Ernst, R.G.M. Altenburg and R.W. Barbour. "Terrapene carolina". Netherlands Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 12 February 2011. ↑ Kaplan, H. M. (1957). "Septicemic, cutaneous ulcerative disease of turtles". Proc. Animal Care Panel 7: 273–277. ↑ Mader, D. (2006) Reptile Medicine and Surgery, 2nd ed., Saunders, ISBN 072169327X. 近义、反义、联想词近义词 n. swindle, cheat, rig
随便看	tactical targe materials的意思 Tactical Targe Materials program的意思 Tactical target的意思 tactical target illustration的意思 tactical target materials program的意思 tactical test的意思 tactical thinking的意思 tactical traffic的意思 tactical trainer center的意思 tactical training的意思 tactical training of sports的意思 tactical transport aircraft的意思 tactical transportation的意思 tactical trial的意思 tactical troops的意思 Tactical unit的意思 tactical vehicle的意思 tactical vest的意思 tactical vote的意思 Tactical voting的意思 tactical warning的意思 tactical warnings的意思 Tactical weapon的意思 tactical weapons system的意思 tactical worksheet的意思

pyramiding /'pirəmidiŋ/

您要查找的是不是：

网络短语:

Turtle shell

近义词