With pyelonephritis, there may be flank pain, fever, and nausea or vomiting.

肾盂肾炎还伴有腹痛、发热以及恶心呕吐。

So acute pyelonephritis is a type of upper urinary tract infection.

急性肾盂肾炎是一种上尿路的感染。

In people with urinary catheters, it causes urinary tract infections, or UTIs, like cystitis, pyelonephritis, or prostatitis.

在导尿的患者中，它可以引起尿路感染，例如尿道炎、膀胱炎、肾盂肾炎或者前列腺炎。

These systemic symptoms are what often distinguish acute pyelonephritis from a lower urinary tract infection.

这些全身症状常可用来区分急性肾盂肾炎和下尿路感染。

So acute pyelonephritis describes an inflamed kidney that develops relatively quickly, usually as a result of a bacterial infection.

急性肾盂肾炎中肾的炎症进展很快，病因通常为细菌感染。

Chronic vesicoureteral reflux can cause pyelonephritis, or inflammation of the kidney, and renal scarring, or fibrosis which damages the kidney tissue.

慢性膀胱输尿管反流可能导致肾盂肾炎，即肾脏出现炎症反应，以及瘢痕肾，即肾组织因纤维化而受损。

Other potential causes of renal papillary necrosis are chronic use of analgesics, like aspirin, as well as diabetes mellitus, sickle cell disease, and pyelonephritis.

其他肾乳头坏死的潜在原因是长期使用止痛药，如阿司匹林、糖尿病、镰状细胞疾病以及肾盂肾炎。

So for ascending infections that cause acute pyelonephritis, the most common organisms are E. coli, Proteus species, and Enterobacter species, all of which are commonly found in the bowel flora.

对于上行性尿路感染导致的急性肾盂肾炎，最常见的致病菌是大肠杆菌、变形杆菌属、肠杆菌属等，以上都是常见的肠道菌群。

As neutrophils infiltrate and die off, they make their way through the urinary tract, and are peed out; so people with acute pyelonephritis often have white blood cells in their urine.

随着中性粒细胞浸润、死亡，其通过尿道排出体外，因此，急性肾盂肾炎的患者通常尿中可查见白细胞。

Usually, pyelonephritis from hematogenous spread is a consequence of septicemia or bacteremia - which is bacteria in the blood - as well as infective endocarditis, an infection of the inner layer of the heart.

通常情况下，通过血液传播的肾炎是由于败血症或菌血症（即细菌入血）或感染性心内膜炎（即心内膜受感染）。

All right, as a quick recap: acute pyelonephritis is typically a bacterial infection of the upper urinary tract, which usually develops from a lower urinary tract infection, especially in individuals with vesicoureteral reflux.

得！快速回顾一下：急性肾盂肾炎是一种典型的上尿路细菌感染，通常由下尿路感染发展而来，尤其在膀胱输尿管反流患者中。

Acute pyelonephritis is most often caused by ascending infection: meaning bacteria start by colonizing the urethra and bladder, which would be a lower urinary tract infection, and make their way up the ureter to the kidney.

急性肾盂肾炎最常见的感染途径是上行性感染，即细菌先占领膀胱和尿道（这会是下尿路感染），然后这些细菌向上感染输尿管到肾。

Acute pyelonephritis is most often unilateral - meaning it affects just one kidney - and when bacteria mount an attack, they usually start by adhering to the renal epithelium of the tubules, which triggers an inflammatory response.

急性肾盂肾炎多是单侧受累，也就是只感染一个肾；当细菌们发动攻击时，通常先黏附于肾小管内皮细胞，引发宿主的炎症反应。