精神分析学（英文：Psychoanalysis）或称心理分析学，是于19世纪末期由奥地利神经学家西格蒙德·弗洛伊德的创立的一门学科。当时精神病学普遍受生物学的影响，对于心理现象的构成、发展及治疗，以工业革命时代流行的机械主义的方式进行，弗洛伊德于1885年到巴黎拜著名精神及人脑科学家Charcot为师，并受到Charcot研究歇斯底里的影响，开始了他关于早期或童年创伤经历和情绪病的研究。其首个研究个案是联同Josef Breuer完成，病者化名Anna O的病患记录，他们初期利用催眠和讲谈疗法（talking cure），心理病患者提供了解心灵困扰的技术，后来鉴于弗洛伊德认为催眠虽然可以发现病患者的过去创伤经历的片断，但却没法为病者带来治疗的方法，弗洛伊德因而开始创建另一套潜意识理论。

Psychoanalysis is a set of psychological and psychotherapeutic theories and associated techniques, created by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and stemming partly from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others. Over time, psychoanalysis has been revised and developed in different directions. Some of Freud's colleagues and students, such as Alfred Adler and Carl Jung, went on to develop their own ideas independently. Freud insisted on retaining the term psychoanalysis for his school of thought, and Adler and Jung accepted this. The Neo-Freudians included Erich Fromm, Karen Horney, and Harry Stack Sullivan.