蛋白质组学（英语：proteomics，又译作蛋白质体学），是对蛋白质特别是其结构和功能的大规模研究，是在90年代初期，由Marc Wikins和学者们首先提出的新名词。更重要的是，基因组是相当稳定的实体，而蛋白质组通过与基因组的相互作用而不断发生着改变。一个生命体在其机体的不同部分以及生命周期的不同阶段，其蛋白表达可能存在巨大的差异。

一个生命体在其整个生命周期中所拥有的蛋白质的全体，或者在更小的规模上，特定类型的细胞在经历特定类型刺激时所拥有的蛋白质的全体，分别被称为这个生命体或细胞类型的蛋白质组。

Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins, particularly their structures and functions. Proteins are vital parts of living organisms, as they are the main components of the physiological metabolic pathways of cells. The term proteomics was first coined in 1997 to make an analogy with genomics, the study of the genome. The word proteome is a portmanteau of protein and genome, and was coined by Marc Wilkins in 1994 while working on the concept as a PhD student.