Protein C or S deficiency is commonly asymptomatic, but symptoms arise when a venous thromboembolism develops.

蛋白C和S缺乏症患者一般无临床症状，当血栓栓塞时可出现症状。

Protein C and S prevent excess coagulation by interacting with several other proteins involved in a complex system of checks and balances.

蛋白C和S通过与该复杂制衡机制中的其他蛋白相互作用来预防过度凝血。

Normally, protein C and protein S are 2 of many proteins or enzymes that regulate the complex process called hemostasis.

通常，蛋白C和蛋白S是能调节止血这一复杂过程的许多蛋白和酶类的其中两种。

The main role of protein C and protein S is to prevent excess coagulation, or fibrin formation, during secondary hemostasis.

蛋白C和蛋白S的主要作用是在二期止血时防止过度凝血（即纤维蛋白形成过多）。

Diagnosis is made by identifying low levels of protein C and S in the serum.

检测到血浆中的蛋白C和S水平较低时可进行诊断。

There are two types of familial, or congenital, protein C and S deficiency; both are inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.

家族性（先天性）蛋白C和S缺乏症有两种，均为常染色体显性遗传。

Without vitamin K, protein C doesn't work. Without protein C, she clots.

没有维生素" K" 蛋白质" C" 不起作用 没有蛋白质" C" 她出现血栓。

Protein C or protein S deficiency is also sometimes suspected when a venous thromboembolism develops in an unusual site like the portal, mesenteric, or cerebral veins.

当静脉血栓栓塞出现在不常见的部位时，也要怀疑蛋白C或蛋白S缺乏症，比如门静脉、肠系膜静脉或脑部静脉。

Type I disease is when there's not enough protein C or S, so that's a quantitative defect.

Ⅰ型是指蛋白C和S数量不足，属于数量上的缺乏。

So, in people with protein C and S deficiency, the thrombin-thrombomodulin complex can't cleave and inactivate factors V and VIII.

所以，在蛋白C和S缺乏症患者体内，凝血酶-血栓调节蛋白复合物不能裂解灭活V因子和VIII因子。

However, identifying a low protein C or protein S level may, in some situations, impact long-term decisions about anticoagulation therapy.

但是对低水平蛋白C和S的检测，可能在某些情况下会影响对于抗凝治疗的长远决策。

Initial treatment of venous thromboembolisms is the same as it would be for patients with normal protein C and protein S levels.

对静脉血栓栓塞的初步治疗，与对拥有正常水平蛋白C和S的患者治疗是一样的。

Type II disease, however, is a qualitative defect, because enough protein C or S are made, but the proteins don't function properly.

Ⅱ型则是质量上的缺陷，虽然有足量的蛋白C和S，但它们不能正常工作。

And birth control pills tip the balance towards clotting because they increase the levels of clotting factors and decrease the levels of some anticoagulation factors like protein C and antithrombin.

而避孕药使得凝血功能亢进，因为避孕药增强了凝血因子的功能，降低了蛋白C及抗凝血酶等抗凝因子的功能。

There are also acquired forms of protein C or S deficiency, like impaired production as seen in patients with liver disease or in patients taking warfarin, also called coumadin.

也有获得性蛋白C和S缺乏症，一种病因是蛋白产出受损，比如在肝病患者或服用华法林（也叫香豆素）的病人体内。

A more serious presentation is neonatal purpura fulminans, which is when a newborn with protein C or S deficiency suffers massive arterial and venous thromboembolisms with hemorrhagic skin necrosis.

更严重的并发症是新生儿暴发性紫癜，即患有蛋白C和S缺乏症的新生儿出现大量动静脉血栓栓塞及出血性皮肤坏死。

Protein C or S deficiency is suspected in people with a strong family history of coagulation disorders, especially those who suffer from recurrent venous thromboembolisms and experience their first thrombotic event before age fifty.

有明显凝血功能障碍家族史的患者可怀疑蛋白C或蛋白S缺乏症，尤其是反复出现静脉血栓栓塞，且于50岁之前发生第一次栓塞的患者。

Finally, with protein C or S deficiency, there can be warfarin induced skin necrosis, which means tiny thrombi can form in the blood vessels of the skin, causing skin necrosis.

此外，患者身上还可能出现华法林导致的皮肤坏死，也就是说在皮肤血管中形成小血栓，导致皮肤坏死。

So, it starts with a protein called thrombomodulin, which is on endothelial cells that line our blood vessels, and together with thrombin, they form a complex that also includes protein C and protein S.

这一过程从血栓调节蛋白开始，它位于血管的内皮细胞中，与凝血酶形成一个复合物，其同时也包含蛋白C和S。

All right, as a quick recap, protein C and S deficiency refer to two separate hereditary hypercoagulable disorders that involve the inability to inactivate factors V and VIII in the coagulation cascade.

得！快速复习一下：蛋白C和蛋白S缺乏症是指两种独立的遗传性血液高凝功能障碍，涉及在凝血过程中无法使V因子及Ⅷ因子失活。