费马原理（Fermat principle）最早由法国科学家皮埃尔·德·费马在1662年提出：光传播的路径是光程取极值的路径。这个极值可能是最大值、最小值，甚至是函数的拐点。 最初提出时，又名「最短时间原理」：光线传播的路径是需时最少的路径。

费马原理更正确的称谓应是「平稳时间原理」：光沿着所需时间为平稳的路径传播。所谓的平稳是数学上的微分概念，可以理解为一阶导数为零，它可以是极大值、极小值甚至是拐点。

费马原理是几何光学的基本定理。用微分或变分法可以从费马原理导出以下三个几何光学定律：

最短光时线可以有多条，例如光线从椭圆面焦点A经过反射到另一焦点B，可以有无数条路径，所有这些路径的光线传播时间都相等。

In optics, Fermat's principle or the principle of least time is the principle that the path taken between two points by a ray of light is the path that can be traversed in the least time. This principle is sometimes taken as the definition of a ray of light. However, this version of the principle is not general; a more modern statement of the principle is that rays of light traverse the path of stationary optical length with respect to variations of the path. In other words, a ray of light prefers the path such that there are other paths, arbitrarily nearby on either side, along which the ray would take almost exactly the same time to traverse.