在物理学里，惯性（inertia）是物体抵抗其运动状态被改变的性质。物体的惯性可以用其质量来衡量，质量越大，惯性也越大。艾萨克·牛顿在巨著《自然哲学的数学原理》里定义惯性为：

更具体而言，牛顿第一定律表明，存在某些参考系，在其中，不受外力的物体都保持静止或匀速直线运动。也就是说，从某些参考系观察，假若施加于物体的净外力为零，则物体运动速度的大小与方向恒定。惯性定义为，牛顿第一定律中的物体具有保持原来运动状态的性质。满足牛顿第一定律的参考系，称为惯性参考系。稍后会有关于惯性参考系的更详细论述。

惯性原理是经典力学的基础原理。很多学者认为惯性原理就是牛顿第一定律。遵守这原理，物体会持续地以现有速度移动，除非有外力迫使改变其速度。

Inertia is the resistance of any physical object to any change in its state of motion (this includes changes to its speed, direction or state of rest). It is the tendency of objects to keep moving in a straight line at constant velocity. The principle of inertia is one of the fundamental principles of classical physics that are used to describe the motion of objects and how they are affected by applied forces. Inertia comes from the Latin word, iners, meaning idle, sluggish. Inertia is one of the primary manifestations of mass, which is a quantitative property of physical systems. Isaac Newton defined inertia as his first law in his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, which states: