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单词 Principle of indeterminacy
释义

Principle of indeterminacy

中文百科

不确定性原理 Uncertainty principle

(重定向自Principle of indeterminacy)
维尔纳·海森堡
海森堡与波耳共同讨论问题
单狭缝实验示意图。

在量子力学里,不确定性原理uncertainty principle,又译不确定原理测不准原理)表明,粒子的位置与动量不可同时被确定,位置的不确定性\Delta {x}与动量的不确定性\Delta {p}遵守不等式

其中,\hbar是约化普朗克常数。

维尔纳·海森堡于1927年发表论文给出这原理的原本启发式论述,因此这原理又称为「海森堡不确定性原理」。根据海森堡的表述,测量这动作不可避免的搅扰了被测量粒子的运动状态,因此产生不确定性。同年稍后,厄尔·肯纳德(Earl Kennard)给出另一种表述。隔年,赫尔曼·外尔也独立获得这结果。按照肯纳德的表述,位置的不确定性与动量的不确定性是粒子的秉性,它们共同遵守某极限关系式,与测量动作无关。这样,对于不确定性原理,有两种完全不同的表述。追根究柢,这两种表述等价,可以从其中任意一种表述推导出另一种表述。

英语百科

Uncertainty principle 不确定性原理

(重定向自Principle of indeterminacy)
 Click to see animation. The evolution of an initially very localized gaussian wave function of a free particle in two-dimensional space, with colour and intensity indicating phase and amplitude. The spreading of the wave function in all directions shows that the initial momentum has a spread of values, unmodified in time; while the spread in position increases in time: as a result, the uncertainty Δx Δp increases in time.
The superposition of several plane waves to form a wave packet. This wave packet becomes increasingly localized with the addition of many waves. The Fourier transform is a mathematical operation that separates a wave packet into its individual plane waves. Note that the waves shown here are real for illustrative purposes only, whereas in quantum mechanics the wave function is generally complex.
Plane waveWave packetPropagation of de Broglie waves in 1d—real part of the complex amplitude is blue, imaginary part is green. The probability (shown as the colour opacity) of finding the particle at a given point x is spread out like a waveform, there is no definite position of the particle. As the amplitude increases above zero the curvature reverses sign, so the amplitude begins to decrease again, and vice versa—the result is an alternating amplitude: a wave.

In quantum mechanics, the uncertainty principle, also known as Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, is any of a variety of mathematical inequalities asserting a fundamental limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties of a particle, known as complementary variables, such as position x and momentum p, can be known simultaneously.

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更新时间:2025/6/18 7:00:22