多发性硬化症（英文：Multiple Sclerosis）是一种慢性、炎症性、脱髓鞘的中枢神经系统疾病。可引起各种症状，包括感觉改变、视觉障碍、肌肉无力、忧郁、协调与讲话困难、严重的疲劳、认知障碍、平衡障碍、体热和疼痛等，严重的可以导致活动性障碍和残疾。多发性硬化症影响脑和脊髓的神经细胞──神经元。神经元传递信息，形成思维和感觉，以使大脑控制身体。保护这些神经元的脂肪层为髓鞘(Myelin Sheath)，协助神经元进行电信号传递。多发性硬化症逐渐造成大脑和脊髓的斑块性的神经髓鞘的破坏(脱髓鞘)，髓鞘的瘢痕形成影响神经轴突的信号传递，以失去大脑和脊髓对外周的控制，以至多部位的僵硬或丧失功能。

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged. This damage disrupts the ability of parts of the nervous system to communicate, resulting in a range of signs and symptoms, including physical, mental, and sometimes psychiatric problems. Specific symptoms can include double vision, blindness in one eye, muscle weakness, trouble with sensation, or trouble with coordination. MS takes several forms, with new symptoms either occurring in isolated attacks (relapsing forms) or building up over time (progressive forms). Between attacks, symptoms may disappear completely; however, permanent neurological problems often remain, especially as the disease advances.