临界事故（英语：criticality accident）是核反应堆发生链式反应导致功率失常激增引起的事故。事故中浓缩铀或钚等裂变材料中的链式反应能产生强烈的中子辐射，对人类伤害极大，并且会在周围环境中引发感生放射性。临界或超临界核裂变一般发生在反应堆堆芯内部或实验中。

虽然临界事故危害较大，但是它一般达不到原子弹的设计条件，因此一般不会引发核爆炸。核反应产生的热量可能会让核材料膨胀，因此几秒之后材料又将处于亚临界状态，反应停止。在原子能的发展历程中，在反应堆外收集核裂变材料的时候曾经发生过60次临界事故，其中一些事故导致离事发地点较近的人员因接受了过量的辐射而死亡。不过，没有一起事故引起过爆炸。

A criticality accident is an uncontrolled nuclear chain reaction. It is sometimes referred to as a critical excursion or a critical power excursion and represents the unintentional assembly of a critical mass of a given fissile material, such as enriched uranium or plutonium, in an unprotected environment. A critical or supercritical fission reaction (one that is sustained in power or increasing in power) generally only occurs inside reactor cores and occasionally within test environments; a criticality accident occurs when the same reaction is achieved unintentionally and in an unsafe environment. Though dangerous and frequently lethal to humans within the immediate area, the critical mass formed is still incapable of producing a nuclear detonation of the type seen in fission bombs, as the reaction lacks the many engineering elements that are necessary to induce explosive supercriticality. The heat released by the nuclear reaction will typically cause the fissile material to expand, so that the nuclear reaction becomes subcritical again within a few seconds.