自动演奏的钢琴起源最早可以追溯到19世纪末的欧洲。最初人们尝试在普通钢琴前增加一部可移动的“演奏器”（player），其外形就似一架小型簧风琴。一排65-88个“木手指”置于普通钢琴键盘上方，代替了钢琴家的双手。演奏器以打孔纸卷（打孔位置与钢琴谱相符）记谱，用脚踏风箱鼓风作为动力，通过纸卷缓缓转动，纸卷上的孔位与驱动机械连动相应的“木手指”击琴键奏出音乐。此后又有设计者将外附的演奏器直接安装于钢琴内部，还可控制速度、力度、踏板等。

自动钢琴在20世纪20年代的欧洲曾广为流行于家庭娱乐，曾有过两年内生产达50万台的纪录；到了30年代由于无线电及电唱机的兴起，才渐被淘汰。

A player piano (also known as pianola) is a self-playing piano, containing a pneumatic or electro-mechanical mechanism that operates the piano action via pre-programmed music recorded on perforated paper, or in rare instances, metallic rolls, with more modern implementations using MIDI encoded music stored on floppy disks or CDs. The rise of the player piano grew with the rise of the mass-produced piano for the home in the late 19th and early 20th century. Sales peaked in 1924, then declined as the improvement in phonograph recordings due to electrical recording methods developed in the mid-1920s. The advent of electrical amplification in home music reproduction via radio in the same period helped cause their eventual decline in popularity, and the stock market crash of 1929 virtually wiped out production.