植物学是一门研究植物形态解剖、生长发育、生理生态、系统进化、分类以及与人类的关系的综合性科学，是生物学的分支学科。

人类对植物的认识最早可以追溯到旧石器时代，人类在寻找食物的过程中采集了植物的种子、茎、根和果实。植物学的创始人是泰奥弗拉斯托斯，在他的著作《植物历史》（也称《植物调查》）中将植物进行了分类。

1世纪希腊医生迪奥科里斯的著作《药物论》（De Materia Medica）为以后药用植物的使用奠定了基础。1593年中国明朝的李时珍也完成了《本草纲目》的编写。17世纪末英国生物学家约翰·雷确立了现代植物分类的基本原理。17世纪，出现了各式各样的显微镜，开创了植物解剖学的研究，随后植物生理学和植物胚胎学也得到进一步的发展，到19世纪中期植物学各分支学科已基本形成。

Botany, also called plant science(s) or plant biology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist or plant scientist is a scientist who specializes in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek word βοτάνη (botanē) meaning "pasture", "grass", or "fodder"; βοτάνη is in turn derived from βόσκειν (boskein), "to feed" or "to graze". Traditionally, botany has also included the study of fungi and algae by mycologists and phycologists respectively, with the study of these three groups of organisms remaining within the sphere of interest of the International Botanical Congress. Nowadays, botanists study approximately 400,000 species of living organisms of which some 260,000 species are vascular plants and about 248,000 are flowering plants.