For example, the skull of a placoderm had an internal braincase made of endoskeletal bone.

例如，盾皮动物的头骨有一个由内骨骼骨制成的内部脑壳。

While the placoderms were conquering the seas, things were getting even more crowded on land.

当盾皮鱼征服海洋时， 陆地上的东西变得更加拥挤。

And heterostracans, osteostracans and placoderms have been found in both salty AND fresh water environments.

在咸水和淡水环境中都发现了 heterostracans、osteostracans 和 placoderms。

And scientists have seen signs of those changes in the armor of heterostracans, osteostracans and placoderms.

科学家们已经看到了异类动物、骨类动物和盾皮动物的盔甲发生这些变化的迹象。

In some placoderms, the covering got up to 5 centimeters thick.

在一些盾皮动物中，覆盖物厚达 5 厘米。

But it's not clear how armored fish, especially placoderms, were related to either of these groups.

但尚不清楚装甲鱼，尤其是盾皮鱼，与这两个群体有何关系。

Now, one of the most widespread placoderms was Bothriolepis, which was able to live in oceanic environments, estuaries, and freshwater settings.

现在，分布最广的盾皮动物之一是 Bothriolepis，它能够生活在海洋环境、河口和淡水环境中。

So armored fish came in a variety of shapes and sizes during the Silurian and Devonian, from tiny Heterostracans to massive Placoderms.

因此，在志留纪和泥盆纪期间， 装甲鱼的形状和大小各不相同，从微小的异类鱼到巨大的盾皮鱼。

While the eurypterines were busy competing with fish, stylonurines moved inland, to brackish and freshwater ecosystems where there were fewer placoderms and less competition.

当广翅鳍鱼忙于与鱼竞争时，苯丁鱼鱼则向内陆移动， 进入咸水和淡水生态系统， 那里的盾皮动物较少， 竞争也较少。

So, we probably have placoderms to thank for the nightmare fuel that followed, a family of giant eurypterines that persisted for nearly 40 million years.

因此， 我们可能要感谢盾皮动物为随后的噩梦提供了燃料，这是一个持续了近 4000 万年的巨型广翅目动物家族。