枪虾科（学名：Alpheidae），又名鼓虾科，是真虾下目枪虾总科的其中一个科，特征是两边的爪不对称，而较大那边的爪可发出巨响，就如枪声一样，因而得名。

枪虾科在世界的分布广泛而且分散，包括有约600个品种，可分成最少38个属。当中最重要的两个属是枪虾属（Alpheus）和合鼓虾属（Synalpheus），分别有超过250种和100种。枪虾科的物种会在珊瑚礁、海床上的海草和牡蛎礁居住，还会在居所挖洞穴来捕猎。几乎所有本科的物种均在热带和温带的沿海和海洋水域中发现，就只有栖息于寒冷海洋的乙鼓虾属（Betaeus）跟只在淡水洞穴发现的溪枪虾属（Potamalpheops）。

Alpheidae is a family of caridean snapping shrimp characterized by having asymmetrical claws, the larger of which is typically capable of producing a loud snapping sound. Other common names of these species include pistol shrimp or alpheid shrimp.

The family is diverse and worldwide in distribution, consisting of about 1119 species within 38 or more genera. The two most prominent genera are Alpheus and Synalpheus, with species numbering well over 250 and 100, respectively. Most snapping shrimp dig burrows and are common inhabitants of coral reefs, submerged seagrass flats and oyster reefs. While most genera and species are found in tropical and temperate coastal and marine waters, Betaeus inhabits cold seas and Potamalpheops is found only in freshwater caves.