光合作用（Photosynthesis）是植物、藻类等生产者和某些细菌，利用光能，将二氧化碳、水或是硫化氢转化为碳水化合物。光合作用可分为产氧光合作用和不产氧光合作用。

植物之所以被称为食物链的生产者，是因为它们能够透过光合作用利用无机物生产有机物并且贮存能量，其能量转换效率约为6%。通过食用，食物链的消费者可以吸收到植物所贮存的能量，效率为10%左右。对大多数生物来说，这个过程是它们赖以生存的关键。而地球上的碳氧循环，光合作用是其中最重要的一环。

Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities (energy transformation). This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, "light", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, "putting together". In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.