The treaty is set to come into force in January and replaces the transition phase.

该条约将于明年1月生效，并取代过渡阶段。

Phase transitions describe how one state of matter becomes another, thanks to changing conditions like temperature.

相变描述了受温度等条件变化的影响下，物质的一种状态是如何变成另一种状态的。

You've heard of things melting, boiling, freezing, and condensing… but there are other kinds of phase transitions, too.

你听过物体的融化、沸腾、冻结和浓缩等，但还有其他种类的相变。

Turns out, quantum vortices also involved in an entirely new topological phase transition discovered by these two physicists!

事实证明，这两位物理学家发现的一个全新的拓扑相变中也涉及到了量子涡旋！

One common example of a phase transition is the freezing of water when you cool it down.

相变的一个常见例子是当你冷却水时它会结冰。

You’ve heard of things melting, boiling, freezing, and condensing… but there are other kinds of phase transitions, too.

你听说过融化、沸腾、冻结和冷凝的事物… … 但也有其他类型的相变。

And this is important because at low temperatures, gapless quantum systems can undergo phase transitions, while gapped systems cannot.

这很重要， 因为在低温下，无间隙量子系统可以发生相变，而间隙系统则不能。

Two of the Nobel prize winners, Michael Kosterlitz and David Thouless, studied phase transitions in stuff that's really cold, and really thin—just a few atoms thick.

迈克尔·科斯特利茨和戴维·索利斯 ，研究了在极寒和只有几个原子叠在一起那么厚的极薄物质中的相变。

Later work has also cast doubt on whether there could be a phase transition in the very early universe of the kind required.

后来的工作也对极早期宇宙中是否可能存在所需类型的相变提出了质疑。

The proposals from the Saudi-backed high negotiations committee envisage President Bashar al-Assad's stepping down after a first 6-month transition phase, something he has always insisted he won't do.

在长达六个月之久的过渡期后，应让叙总统巴沙尔下台，虽然这是巴沙尔本人简称绝不会做的事情。