Well, one key factor that led to the 2008 financial crisis was perverse incentives.

导致2008年金融危机的一个关键因素是不当激励。

The evil caused by perverse incentives recurs throughout the book.

由不正当动机引起的邪恶在整本书中反复出现。

A perverse incentive is when a policy ends up having a negative effect, opposite of what was intended.

不当激励是当一项政策最终产生负面影响时，其结果与预期相反。

There is a story, almost certainly apocryphal, about perverse incentives in the era of British rule in India.

有一个故事，几乎可以肯定是杜撰的，是关于英国统治印度时代的不正当激励的。

Our intuition that effort is good for its own sake, regardless of what it produces, has created a work environment with perverse incentives.

我们的直觉认为努力本身就是好的，不管它产生了什么，这创造了一个有反常激励的工作环境。

Otherwise, there's a perverse incentive to cheat.

否则，就会有不正当的作弊动机。

That is what I mean by a perverse profit incentive.

这就是我所说的不正当利润激励的意思。

It creates a perverse profit incentive that can distort law enforcement.

它创造了一种不正当的利润激励，可以扭曲执法。

There was a perverse incentive to do nothing but maintain the status quo.

除了维持现状之外什么也不做是一种不正当的动机。

So we have this perverse incentive where union leadership ends up not really representing the values even of the rest of the union members.

所以我们有这种不正当的动机， 工会领导最终甚至不能真正代表其他工会成员的价值观。

Another thing, perverse incentives. You don't want to be in a perverse incentive system that's causing you to behave more and more foolishly or worse and worse.

另外一种应该避免的事情是受到变态的激励机制的驱动。你们不要处在一个你们表现得越愚蠢或者越糟糕，它就提供越多回报的变态激励系统之中。

The scientists say that majority of what is known as carbon offsetting project don't produce real cuts in emissions, instead the study concludes that the system can result in perverse incentives to increase production of industrial waste gases.

科学家称被人们所熟知的碳补偿计划并没有真正减少碳排放量，反之，该系统将造成反作用力，增加工业废气的排放。

The federal school funding requirements put in place by the No Child Left Behind act in 2001 also can create some perverse incentives for how schools classify their students.

2001 年“不让一个孩子掉队”法案规定的联邦学校资金要求也会对学校如何对学生进行分类产生一些不正当的激励。

The perverse incentive here is that when people run for union leadership, no one can run saying, " These people shouldn't be in the union." It's very hard to do that.

这里的不正当动机是， 当人们竞选工会领导时，没有人可以在竞选时说， “这些人不应该加入工会。 ” 要做到这一点非常困难。