Payment by Results (PbR) is type of public policy instruments where payments are contingent on the independent verification of results. It is being actively promoted by a number of governments for more effective implementation of domestic policy.

There is also increasing interest in the field of international development, where PBR is often referred to either as 'results-based aid' (where the funding relationship is between a donor and a recipient country) or 'results-based financing' (where the funding relationship is between a developing country government or a development agency, and public or private sector providers). There are also a number of other terms in use which can often lead to confusion and a lack of clarity.