When pathogenic factors attack the body, healthy qi in the body naturally fights against them.

当致病因素攻击身体时，体内的正气会与它们作斗争。

So, when it comes to dental caries, there's a tug-of-war between the pathogenic factors that promote demineralization of the tooth and protective factors that promote remineralization of the tooth.

所以龋齿的形成过程中，加快牙齿软化的致病因素与加快牙齿再矿化的保护因素，像是在进行一场拔河比赛。

Thus a superficial pulse, which belongs to yang, points to complaints externally due to the six pathogenic factors: wind, cold, dampness, heat, dryness and fire.

浮脉属阳，主六淫所致之外感疾病。

Deficiency and excess are two principles for differentiating the states of pathogenic factors and healthy qi. Deficiency means insufficiency of healthy qi and excess means exuberance of pathogenic factors.

虚证和实证是区分邪气和正气状态的两个原则。虚指正气不足，实指邪气盛实。

Pathogenesis refers to the mechanism involved in the occurrence, progress and changes of disease that are closely related to the constitution of the patient and the nature of pathogenic factors.

病机学是指与患者体质和致病因素性质密切相关的疾病发生、进展和变化的机制。

Since it involves the location, cause and nature of the disease, and the relation between pathogenic factors and healthy qi, syndrome can comprehensively and accurately reveal the nature of the disease.

证包括李病变的部位、原因、性质，以及邪正关系，证可以全面、准确地揭示疾病的本质。

Exterior syndrome is mild with superficial location and serious with deep location. Interior penetration of the exogenous pathogenic factors indicates progress of the disease while exterior withdrawal of the endogenous pathogenic factors suggests alleviation of the disease.

表证是在浅表是轻缓的，深而入里就危重。表邪入里为病进，里邪出表为病退。

Disharmony between yin and yang refers to the relative exuberance or debilitation of yin and yang or failure of yin to control yang or yang to control yin due to various pathogenic factors.

阴阳失调是指阴阳偏盛或偏衰，或因各种致病因素导致阴不制阳或阳不制阴。

The causes of relative decline of yin are various, such as pathogenic factors of yang nature impairing yin, fire transformed from extreme changes of emotions damaging yin and consumption of yin due to prolonged illness.

阴偏衰多由阳邪伤阴，或因五志过极，化火伤阴，或因久病耗伤阴液所致。

Exterior syndrome, usually seen at the early stage of exogenous diseases marked by sudden onset and short duration, is usually caused by invasion of the six exogenous pathogenic factors into the body through the skin, mouth and nose.

表证，通常出现在以起病急、病程短为特点的外感疾病的早期阶段，通常是由六邪通过皮肤、口和鼻侵入人体引起的。

Phlegm and fluid retention are another pair of pathogenic factors in TCM, both of which are the pathological substances produced during the course of a disease. The former is thick and the latter is thin.

痰和湿是中医的另一致病因素，这两种因素都是疾病过程中产生的病理物质。前者稠， 后者稀。

Pathologically TCM considers that the imbalance between yin and yang is one of the basic pathogenesis of disease. The occurrence and development of a disease are related to the conditions of both the healthy qi and pathogenic factors.

病理上，中医认为阴阳失衡是疾病的基本发病机制之一。疾病的发生和发展既与正气有关， 也与致病因素有关。