As it turns out, the majority of Pancoast tumors are non-small cell lung tumors, but a few are small cell lung tumors.

事实上，大部分肺上沟瘤是非小细胞肺癌，但也有一小部分是小细胞肺癌。

This point is super close to the lung apices and so susceptible to compression or even invasion from a nearby Pancoast tumor.

该处非常接近肺尖，很容易被压迫，甚至遭到附近的肺上沟瘤侵袭。

Alright, as a quick recap, Pancoast tumors describe any lung cancer that has a mass in the apices of the lungs.

得！简单回顾要点：肺上沟瘤指的是在肺尖部有肿块的肺癌。

It's a stage 2 Pancoast tumor at the top of your lung.

是在你肺尖的II期上叶顶部肺癌。

A Pancoast tumor in the right lung apex can also compress a large vein called the superior vena cava which drains blood from the head, upper chest, and arms.

右侧的肺上沟瘤还会压迫上腔静脉；上腔静脉汇集头部、上胸部和上肢的血液。

The reason that Pancoast tumors are given special consideration is that this location allows them to interfere with nerves and blood vessels, which leads to problems that are unique from tumors in other locations.

肺上沟瘤需要特别考虑是因为其位置会使它们压迫到神经和血管，会导致区别于其他部位肺癌的问题。

Most of the time, the signs and symptoms of Pancoast tumors result from the tumor creating local inflammation and swelling and pushing up against nearby nerves or blood vessels – which disrupts their function; a phenomenon known as mass effect.

大多数时候，肺上沟瘤的症状和体征是由于肿瘤形成局部炎症和水肿向上压迫邻近的神经或血管，导致其功能紊乱；该现象被称为“占位效应”。

This compression could be caused by a cervical rib, which is a congenital anomaly where an extra rib is located above the first rib; or by a Pancoast tumor, a type of lung cancer where tumor forms at the tip of the lung.

这种压迫可能由颈肋引起，颈肋即一种先天性异常：在第一肋上方出现一个额外的肋骨；也可能由肺上沟瘤引起，即肺尖处的一种肿瘤。

If a pancoast tumor pushes on or invades these sympathetic nerves, it can cause miosis - a small or constricted pupil, ptosis - a droopy eyelid, and anhydrosis - a failure to sweat, all on the ipsilateral, or same side, of the face as the nerve.

如果肺上沟瘤向上挤压或侵袭交感神经，则会出现瞳孔缩小、上睑下垂、无汗等症状，这些都发生于神经支配的同侧面部。