过度捕鱼，又称过度捕渔、过度捕捞、过渔，指捕鱼产业将鱼类资源降低到可接受的程度以下。其可以发生在大小在鱼塘到大洋之间的任何水域。

过度捕鱼最终可能导致资源耗损，从而造成渔业补贴加剧、生物生长速度降低和严重的生物密度下降。特别是对鲨鱼的过度捕捞已经扰乱整个海洋生态系统。

鱼群自然恢复的速度取决于该生态系统的条件是否适合鱼类生长。突然地改变某区域的物种组成可能导致能量平衡变化从而造成其他物种取代原有物种（生态系统变迁）。例如，倘若将所有鳟鱼取走，鲤鱼将会取代鳟鱼的位置，这时再想恢复鳟鱼的种群几乎是不可能的。

Overfishing is a form of overexploitation where fish stocks are reduced to below acceptable levels. Overfishing can occur in water bodies of any sizes, such as ponds, rivers, lakes or oceans, and can result in resource depletion, reduced biological growth rates and low biomass levels. Sustained overfishing can lead to critical depensation, where the fish population is no longer able to sustain itself. Some forms of overfishing, for example the overfishing of sharks, has led to the upset of entire marine ecosystems.