数学上，数域F上的n阶正交群，记作O(n,F)，是F上的n×n 正交矩阵在矩阵乘法下构成的群。它是一般线性群GL(n,F)的子群，由

这里Q是Q的转置。实数域上的经典正交群通常就记为O(n)。

更一般地，F上一个非奇异二次型的正交群是保持二次型不变的矩阵构成的群。嘉当-迪奥多内定理描述了这个正交群的结构。

每个正交矩阵的行列式为1或−1。行列式为1的n×n正交矩阵组成一个O(n,F)的正规子群，称为特殊正交群SO(n,F)。如果F的特征为2，那幺1 = −1，从而O(n,F)和SO(n,F)相等；其他情形SO(n,F)在O(n,F)中的指数是2。特征2且偶数维时，很多作者用另一种定义，定义SO(n,F)为迪克森不变量的核，这样它在O(n,F)中总有指数2。

In mathematics, the orthogonal group in dimension n, denoted O(n), is the group of distance-preserving transformations of a Euclidean space of dimension n that preserve a fixed point, where the group operation is given by composing transformations. Equivalently, it is the group of n×n orthogonal matrices, where the group operation is given by matrix multiplication, and an orthogonal matrix is a real matrix whose inverse equals its transpose.