Anyway, by figuring out the mass and orbital characteristics of the stars whose partners emit x-rays, we can determine how heavy the partners are.

不论如何，通过计算恒星（它们的伴星会发射x射线）的质量和轨道特征，我们可以确定伴星的重量。

Many of the moons have orbital characteristics that are very similar, too, which may indicate they were once a single object that broke up.

而许多木卫的环绕特点是非常相似的，这可能表明它们曾经是从一个整体分离而来的。