Unlike the graceful motion of planets, the atomic nuclei are chaotic blurs.

和优雅地移动的行星不同，原子核是很混乱的。

Atoms consist of an atomic nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons.

每个原子都由原子核，以及围绕它的电子云组成。

The atomic nucleus is densely packed with protons and neutrons bound by a powerful nuclear force.

原子核密集地包裹着由强大核力所束缚的质子和中子。

Although it borrowed from Rutherford's idea of a central atomic nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons, it made a significant leap.

尽管它借鉴了卢瑟福的中心原子核被轨道电子包围的想法，但它还是取得了重大飞跃。

Unbeknownst to Mendeleev, he had correctly ordered the elements by atomic number — the number of protons in the atomic nucleus.

门捷列夫不知道的是，他已经按照原子序数（原子核中的质子数）正确地对元素进行了排序。

An atomic nucleus would be the size of a grain of sand you could hold on the tip of your finger.

原子核会像沙粒一样大，让你有办法用指尖顶着。

In the core of a star, pressure and temperature are high enough that atomic nuclei can get squeezed together and fuse.

在恒星的核心，压力和温度足够高，原子核可以挤压在一起并发生聚变。

Nuclear radiation, on the other hand, originates in the atomic nucleus, where protons repel each other due to their mutually positive charges.

另一边呢，核辐射源于原子核，带有正电荷的质子正正相斥。

Every nook and cranny inside the neutron star has matter in it, all the way down to the scale of an atomic nucleus.

中子星内部的每一个角落和缝隙里都有物质，一直到原子核大小那般。

The next three decades turned physics on its head, with the discovery of electrons, atomic nuclei, radioactivity, quantum theory and the theory of relativity.

后来的三十年里，随着电子、原子核、放射现象、量子理论和相对论的发现，物理学发生了翻天覆地的变化。

For example, you can hammer them into different shapes without cracking them because the electrons can move to compensate for the atomic nuclei shifting around.

比如，它们可以被捶打成各种形状而不会断裂，这是因为这些电子可以移动去填补向四周转移的原子核的位置。

And it took decades more to explain why the table works (it is to do with the way electrons organise themselves in orbit around atomic nuclei).

其后又花费了数十年的时间来解释为何周期表是起作用的（与电子绕原子核外轨道运动的方式有关）。

' But creating these superheavy elements also teaches us about the structure of the atomic nucleus.

’但是创造这些超重元素也让我们了解了原子核的结构。

This mass-energy equivalence is critical to the study of nuclear physics – the study of the atomic nucleus.

这种质能等效性对于核物理研究——原子核的研究至关重要。

So imagine a giant sphere centred on the atomic nucleus stretching out all the way to that rock and beyond, with just a few points of dust in it.

想象一下，一个巨大的球形，以原子核为中心一直能延伸到那座小山其中只有几颗尘土。

They wanted a way to label the different types of quarks that had so far been found inside atomic nuclei.

他们想要一种方法来标记迄今为止在原子核内发现的不同类型的夸克。

Up to this point, electrons couldn't bond with the atomic nuclei zipping around: every time they did it was so hot that random photons would blow them off again.

在此之前，电子无法与飞驰而过的原子核结合：每次它们这样做时，温度都很高，以至于随机的光子会再次将它们吹走。

Last week we talked about radioactive decay and how atomic nuclei get rid of various particles in order to become more stable.

上周我们讨论了放射性衰变以及原子核如何摆脱各种粒子以变得更加稳定。

These little fluctuations are actually an imprint of quantum fluctuations from the big bang when the universe was smaller than an atomic nucleus.

这些微小的波动实际上是宇宙大爆炸时量子波动的印记，当时宇宙比原子核还小。

But what this cataclysmic eruption leaves behind might be even more remarkable: a ball of matter so dense that atomic electrons collapse from their quantum orbits into the depths of atomic nuclei.

一个如此密集的物质球，以至于原子电子从它们的量子轨道中都会陷入到原子核的深处。