The formation mechanism of orange valvule-like pinhole in rolled aluminium foil was investigated by using optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy,and energy dispersion X-ray spectrum.

利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱分析等试验手段对铝箔中"桔瓣"形针孔形成的原因进行了分析。

Research on the failure reasons of the cooling tube were carried out by means of macroexamination, thickness measurement, X ray diffraction, optical microscopy and chemical analysis.

采用宏、微观分析、化学成分分析等手段,对冷却水管的腐蚀穿孔进行了失效分析。